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Image by Alexander Andrews

2D Aerodynamics Analysis

It was an introductory project in my life before facing the turbulences of aerodynamics. I was profoundly captivated to study more about this field and pursued varied projects following this one. I conducted 2D analysis to cherry-pick best performing airfoil based on distinct parameters. 

*Skip to the bottom of the page to view the report for analysis and results.

Brief Summary

While conducting analysis to understand the effect of airfoil selection on aerodynamics, I: 

  • Executed 2D simulations using XFOIL.

  • Generated graphs illustrating the relationship between aspect ratio and Reynolds number, as well as aspect ratio and drag coefficient.

  • Selected the optimal airfoil by comparing various thicknesses, series, and boundary layer plots, ultimately opting for NACA 2410.

  • Plotted alpha versus lift coefficient, alpha versus drag coefficient, and lift versus drag coefficient graphs to determine the airfoil's performance.

  • Analyzed pressure coefficient and skin-friction drag graphs to draw conclusions regarding flow separation.

  • Investigated the impact of the airfoil on thrust.

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Project Outcomes:

I acquired 3D simulation skills using XFOIL. This inspired me to delve into exploration, experimentation, and project creation utilizing OPENFOAM.

Comprehensive Explanation 

Fundamentals 

Two-dimensional (2D) analysis is fundamental in aerodynamics and airfoil selection. It is known for: 

  • ​

  • Simplicity: Simplifies aerodynamics by focusing on a single airfoil cross-section.

  • Basic Principles: Helps understand fundamental concepts like lift, drag, and flow separation.

  • Parameter Variation: Allows systematic study of parameters like angle of attack and airfoil shape.

  • Efficiency: Requires fewer computational resources for quicker design exploration.

  • Foundation for 3D Analysis: Provides groundwork for extending analysis to three dimensions.

  • Airfoil Selection: Evaluates airfoil performance for informed design decisions.

 

In conclusion, 2D analysis is essential for understanding aerodynamics and optimizing airfoil selection in aerospace engineering.

Aspect ratio & Airfoil selection 

A formula utilizing preset data was employed to determine relevant values, including:

  • Aspect ratio for rectangular wing

  • Wing area

  • Reynolds number

  • Induced drag coefficient

  • Lift coefficient for 2D and 3D analysis

Extremely low Reynolds numbers resulted in a significant reduction in lift-to-drag ratio and maximum lift coefficient, while high Reynolds numbers led to increased induced drag. Higher aspect ratios provided high lift but also induced higher drag and bending moments on the wing. Conversely, low aspect ratios offered less lift and drag but improved maneuverability, leading to the selection of aspect ratios within this range.

selection of aspect ratio
selection of aspect ratio

Thickness differences 

Matching plot for a jet engine presence wing loading on x-axis and thrust to weight ratio on y axis. This identified region of fulfill performance with optimum point providing the smallest engine thrust. Performance requirements for the matching plot: 

  • Analysis was conducted based on three graphs:

  • Lift coefficient against Alpha

  • Drag coefficient against Alpha

  • Lift against drag coefficients

These graphs were compared to identify conditions that produced lower drag, gradual increases in lift, delayed stall conditions, reduced instabilities, and improved pressure differences.

thickness

Pressure coefficient comparison 

This comparison aimed to understand pressure dynamics, with ideal conditions involving a gradual increase in lift, minimizing initial peaks to reduce skin friction drag and overall drag. Plateaus at the flow's end signaled separation bubbles, indicating slight detachment and reattachment of flow.

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The skin friction drag plot displayed negative values, indicating separation bubbles.

pressure graph
skin friction drag

Effect of air foil on thrust

For cruise conditions, thrust equals drag. Therefore, selecting an aspect ratio that reduces drag can significantly decrease the thrust required.

lift curve
drag graph
drag bucket

From this project, I learned how aspect ratio and airfoil selection influence aerodynamic performance, guiding efficient aircraft design decisions. Additionally, I gained insights into Reynolds number and pressure dynamics' roles in airflow behavior and aerodynamic efficiency.

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